Literacy—Like Language skills, Literacy skills typically required a high level of substantial instructional support.   Research suggests that students pre school experiences, and the educational level of the parents in the home, have an impact on language skill readiness as students enter Kindergarten.  As with the other domains, the decrease in the percentage of students requiring substantial instructional support in the 2020-2021 year is probably related to COVID.  However, In the case of Language and Literacy, in particular, COVID could have provided parents and guardians a greater opportunity to read to their children, and have more frequent, elaborate conversations, which could have positively contributed to student readiness in these areas.